This lease rider form may be used when you are involved in a lease transaction, and have made the decision to utilize the form of Oil and Gas Lease presented to you by the Lessee, and you want to include additional provisions to that Lease form to address specific concerns you may have, or place limitations on the rights granted the Lessee in the standard lease form.
Alaska Pipelines - Laying and Burying
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US-OG-812
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FAQ
More than half the pipeline runs above ground so that the hot oil does not melt the permafrost that is prevalent along the route. In those areas, the pipeline is elevated on 78,000 refrigerated vertical support members. Construction of the pipeline project began in April, 1974 and finished in June, 1977.
By raising the pipeline on stilts, it helps to keep the ground underneath cooler, reducing the risk of permafrost thaw and potential damage to the pipeline.
Most pipelines are underground, as this one was originally expected to be when it was first proposed in 1968. But after drilling over fifteen thousand test borings along the proposed pipeline route, it was determined that 420 miles of the line were in permafrost.
Pipeline systems are, in most cases, buried underground. Because they often carry environmentally harmful substances, such as waste or oil, they must be carefully constructed of the materials most appropriate for the substance being transported.
It was constructed in 1974. At the same time work was begun on pump stations, the pipeline work pad, and the Valdez Terminal. Pipeline employment reached its peak at 21,600 in August of 1975. By May of 1977, all 800 miles had been installed and tested.
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline runs 800 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez. More than half of it runs above ground in order to prevent melting of the permafrost. The pipeline is built in a zig-zag pattern to allow for thermal expansion and contraction and also for any movement from earthquakes.
Where thaw-unstable permafrost exists, problems associated with melting permafrost were avoided by placing the pipeline above ground on an elevated support system known as Vertical Support Members (VSM).
The pipeline had to be built above ground because of permafrost. To protect elevated pipe in the event of an earthquake, the engineers came up with an ingenious plan.