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Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coal bed methane, is a mixture of a number of gases but is mostly made up of methane (generally 95-97 per cent pure methane). It is typically attached by adsorption to the coal matrix, and is held in the coal by the pressure of formation water in the coal cleats and fractures.
CBM reservoirs are characterized by low mechanical strength, presence of developed cleats, heterogeneity and anisotropy, and a larger surface area as compared to the conventional gas reservoirs. Therefore, potential damage in coal may occur during drilling, completion, and production.
Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
The composition of CBM in a sample of coal varies widely across several locations in the country. Generally, it consists predominantly of methane gas (CH4) although it can contain trace amounts of ethane (C2H6), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
CBM is naturally created during the geologic process of converting plant material to coal (coalification). To extract the methane, CBM operators drill wells into coal seams and pump out ground water (produced water or CBM wastewater).
Until about the middle of the 20th century coalbed gas was considered a mixture of methane (firedamp) and carbon dioxide (blackdamp). Ethane, when detected, was attributed to contamination from natural gas horizons below the coal (wea More recent analyses of coalbed gas have shown it to be a complex mixture, .
CMM shows great variability in flow rate and composition. At a typical gassy coal mine, ventilation air may contain 0.1?1% methane, whereas gas drained from the seam before mining can contain 60% to more than 95% methane depending on the presence of other gasses in the coal seam.
Coal bed methane (CBM) is an unconventional form of natural gas found in coal deposits or coal seams. It is a primary clean energy source of natural gas. The development and utilization of CBM is of great social and economic benefit.