11.1.8 Direct Infringement is when a person or entity directly violates a patent right. This type of infringement occurs when someone makes, uses, sells, or imports a patented invention without authorization from the patent holder. Examples of direct infringement include manufacturing a patented product, using a patented process, or selling a patented product. There are two types of direct infringement: literal infringement and infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. Literal infringement occurs when a person or entity uses all the elements of a patented invention exactly as stated in the patent. Infringement under the doctrine of equivalents occurs when a person or entity uses a similar but not exact version of a patented invention.