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Interest in someone else's property, created by contract or by law. A mortgage is one type of security interest created by contract. A garnishment is one type of security interest created by law. See Collateral and Secured transaction.
A security interest means that if you don't make the mortgage payments as agreed, or if you break your agreement with the lender, the lender can take your home and sell it to pay off the loan. You give the lender this right when you sign your closing forms.
A security interest on a loan is a legal claim on collateral that the borrower provides that allows the lender to repossess the collateral and sell it if the loan goes bad. A security interest lowers the risk for a lender, allowing it to charge lower interest on the loan.
There are two types of security interests: possessory and non-possessory. With a possessory security interest, the secured party has possession of the collateral. With a non-possessory security interest, the debtor maintains possession of the collateral.
Security interests for most types of collateral are usually perfected by filing a document simply called a "financing statement." You'll usually file this form with the secretary of state or other public office.