On 20 September 2023, the United Nations opened its new agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction—also known as the BBNJ treaty or high seas treaty1—for signature and ratification.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
The Montreal Protocol has proven to be innovative and successful, and it is the first treaty to achieve universal ratification by all countries in the world.
The Paris Agreement works on a five-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action -- or, ratcheting up -- carried out by countries. Since 2020, countries have been submitting their national climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement. NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Here is the registry where you can find the NDCs submitted by Parties to the Paris Agreement.
What are some examples of international environmental agreements? Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) ... Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ... Kyoto Protocol. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. Paris Agreement. World Heritage Convention.
The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations together to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.
International environmental agreements (IEAs) are treaties negotiated, signed, and ratified by individual nation-states to address transboundary environmental issues. This article provides an overview of the recent state of the art in the domain of the political economy of the formation of IEAs.