4 Exceptions To The 4th Amendment In Collin
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But again, under the 4th Amendment the operative word is always reasonableness. Consent is a reasonable exception to the warrant requirement. With voluntary consent from someone who has actual or apparent authority over the place to be searched, agents do not need probable cause or a warrant.
Generally, a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy for property and personal effects they hold open to the public. The Fourth Amendment does not protect things that are visible or in "plain view" for a person of ordinary and unenhanced vision.
Other well-established exceptions to the warrant requirement include consensual searches, certain brief investigatory stops, searches incident to a valid arrest, and seizures of items in plain view.
So, yes, in California, when it comes to suppression of evidence in search and seizure, criminal defendants are limited to what the Fourth Amendment provides.
Last Term, in Collins v. Virginia, 4 the Supreme Court continued the tradition by holding that the warrant requirement's automobile exception could not justify an officer's warrantless search of a vehicle parked in the immediate surroundings of a home.
The special needs doctrine evolved from the language of the Fourth Amendment, which determines that searches must be reasonable in order to be constitutional. Absent individualized suspicion leading to probable cause and the issuing of a warrant, a search can be reasonable if the search serves a valid special need.
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule Searches made during a lawful arrest. Evidence found in plain view of an officer. Searches made with the consent of the person or property owner. "Good faith" reliance on a defective warrant.
Martin J. King J.D. This article describes the “special needs” exception which applies to searches and seizures conducted without individualized suspicion for the purpose of minimizing a risk of harm.
24 Examples of cases where the special needs exception applies include inspections for building code enforcement, border searches, airport searches, school searches, roadside checkpoints and drug testing of employees at government jobs.
Other well-established exceptions to the warrant requirement include consensual searches, certain brief investigatory stops, searches incident to a valid arrest, and seizures of items in plain view.
