Persons With Debts

General Summary: The parties may enter into a community property or other matrimonial agreement before or during marriage as to all matters that are not prohibited by public policy.

Spouses may enter into a matrimonial agreement that modifies or terminates a matrimonial regime during marriage only upon joint petition and a finding by the court that this serves their best interests and that they understand the governing principles and rules. They may, however, subject themselves to the legal regime by a matrimonial agreement at any time without court approval.

During the first year after moving into and acquiring a domicile in this state, spouses may enter into a matrimonial agreement without court approval.

A marital agreement shall be made by authentic act or by an act under private signature duly acknowledged by the spouses.

Louisiana Revised Statutes
TITLE 9 CIVIL CODE ANCILLARIES
CHAPTER 1. DIVORCE
PART V. INJUNCTIONS AND INCIDENTAL ORDERS

Possession and use of the family residence or community movables or immovables:
A. When the family residence is the separate property of either spouse, after the filing of a petition for divorce or in conjunction therewith, the spouse who has physical custody or has been awarded temporary custody of the minor children of the marriage may petition for, and a court may award to that spouse, after a contradictory hearing, the use and occupancy of the family residence and use of community movables or immovables pending the partition of the community property or one hundred eighty days after termination of the marriage, whichever occurs first. In these cases, the court shall inquire into the relative economic status of the spouses, including both community and separate property, and the needs of the children, if any, and shall award the use and occupancy of the family residence and the use of any community movables or immovables to the spouse in accordance with the best interest of the family. The court shall consider the granting of the occupancy of the family home and the use of community movables or immovables in awarding alimony or child support.

B. When the family residence is community property, after the filing of a petition for divorce or in conjunction therewith or after filing a petition for separation of property in accordance with Civil Code Article 2374 or in conjunction spouses, after a contradictory hearing, the use and occupancy of the family residence and use of community movables or immovables to either of the spouses pending further order of the court. In these cases, the court shall inquire into the relative economic status of the spouses, including both community and separate property, and the needs of the children, if any, and shall award the use and occupancy of the family residence and the use of any community movables or immovables to the spouse in accordance with the best interest of the family. If applicable, the court shall consider the granting of the occupancy of the family home and the use of community movables or immovables in awarding spousal support or child support.

C. A spouse who uses and occupies or is awarded by the court the use and occupancy of the family residence pending either the termination of the marriage or the partition of the community property in accordance with the provisions of R.S. 9:374 (A) or (B) shall not be liable to the other spouse for rental for the use and occupancy, unless otherwise agreed by the spouses or ordered by the court.

D. The court may determine whether the family home is separate or community property in the contradictory hearing authorized under the provisions of this Section. Section 9:374.

Louisisana Civil Code

TITLE III. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL
CHAPTER 5. PROOF OF OBLIGATIONS

Authentic act:
An authentic act is a writing executed before a notary public or other officer authorized to perform that function, in the presence of two witnesses, and signed by each party who executed it, by each witness, and by each notary public before whom it was executed.

To be an authentic act, the writing need not be executed at one time or place, or before the same notary public or in the presence of the same witnesses, provided that each party who executes it does so before a notary public or other officer authorized to perform that function, and in the presence of two witnesses and each party, each witness, and each notary public signs it.

If a party is unable or does not know how to sign his name, the notary public must cause him to affix his mark to the writing. Art. 1833.

Authentic act constitutes full proof between parties and heirs:
An authentic act constitutes full proof of the agreement it contains, as against the parties, their heirs, and successors by universal or particular title. Art. 1835.

TITLE IV. CONVENTIONAL OBLIGATIONS OR CONTRACTS
CHAPTER 4. VICES OF CONSENT
SECTION 1. ERROR

Testimonial or other evidence not admitted to disprove a writing:
Testimonial or other evidence may not be admitted to negate or vary the contents of an authentic act or an act under private signature. Nevertheless, in the interest of justice, that evidence may be admitted to prove such circumstances as a vice of consent, or a simulation, or to prove that the written act was modified by a subsequent and valid oral agreement. Art. 1848.

Vitiated consent:
Consent may be vitiated by error, fraud, or duress. Art. 1948.

SECTION 4. LESION

Lesion:

A contract may be annulled on grounds of lesion only in those cases provided by law. Art. 1965.

TITLE VI. MATRIMONIAL REGIMES
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Matrimonial regime;
A matrimonial regime is a system of principles and rules governing the ownership and management of the property of married persons as between themselves and toward third persons. Art. 2325.

Kinds of matrimonial regimes;
A matrimonial regime may be legal, contractual, or partly legal and partly contractual. Art. 2326.

Legal regime:
The legal regime is the community of acquets and gains established in Chapter 2 of this Title. Art. 2327.

Contractual regime; matrimonial agreement:
A matrimonial agreement is a contract establishing a regime of separation of property or modifying or terminating the legal regime. Spouses are free to establish by matrimonial agreement a regime of separation of property or modify the legal regime as provided by law. The provisions of the legal regime that have not been excluded or modified by agreement retain their force and effect. Art. 2328.

Exclusion or modification of matrimonial regime:
Spouses may enter into a matrimonial agreement before or during marriage as to all matters that are not prohibited by public policy.

Spouses may enter into a matrimonial agreement that modifies or terminates a matrimonial regime during marriage only upon joint petition and a finding by the court that this serves their best interests and that they understand the governing principles and rules. They may, however, subject themselves to the legal regime by a matrimonial agreement at any time without court approval.

During the first year after moving into and acquiring a domicile in this state, spouses may enter into a matrimonial agreement without court approval. Art. 2329.

Limits of contractual freedom:
Spouses may not by agreement before or during marriage, renounce or alter the marital portion or the established order of succession. Nor may the spouses limit with respect to third persons the right that one spouse alone has under the legal regime to obligate the community or to alienate, encumber, or lease community property. Art. 2330.

Form of matrimonial agreement: A matrimonial agreement may be executed by the spouses before or during marriage. It shall be made by authentic act or by an act under private signature duly acknowledged by the spouses. Art. 2331.

Effect toward third persons:
A matrimonial agreement, or a judgment establishing a regime of separation of property is effective toward third persons as to immovable property, when filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish in which the property is situated and as to movables when filed for registry in the parish or parishes in which the spouses are domiciled. Art. 2332.

Minors: Unless fully emancipated, a minor may not enter into a matrimonial agreement without the written concurrence of his father and mother, or of the parent having his legal custody, or of the tutor of his person. Art. 2333.

CHAPTER 2. THE LEGAL REGIME OF COMMUNITY OF ACQUETS AND GAINS
SECTION 1. GENERAL DISPOSITIONS

Persons; scope of application of the legal regime.
The legal regime of community of acquets and gains applies to spouses domiciled in this state, regardless of their domicile at the time of marriage or the place of celebration of the marriage. Art. 2334.

Classification of property:
Property of married persons is either community or separate, except as provided in Article 2341.1. Art. 2335.

Ownership of community property:
Each spouse owns a present undivided one-half interest in the community property. Nevertheless, neither the community nor things of the community may be judicially partitioned prior to the termination of the regime.

During the existence of the community property regime, the spouses may, without court approval, voluntarily partition the community property in whole or in part. In such a case, the things that each spouse acquires are separate property. The partition is effective toward third persons when filed for registry in the manner provided by Article 2332. Art. 2336.

Disposition of undivided interest:
A spouse may not alienate, encumber, or lease to a third person his undivided interest in the community or in particular things of the community prior to the termination of the regime. Art. 2337.

Community property:
The community property comprises: property acquired during the existence of the legal regime through the effort, skill, or industry of either spouse; property acquired with community things or with community and separate things, unless classified as separate property under Article 2341; property donated to the spouses jointly; natural and civil fruits of community property; damages awarded for loss or injury to a thing belonging to the community; and all other property not classified by law as separate property. Art. 2338.

Separate property:
The separate property of a spouse is his exclusively. It comprises: property acquired by a spouse prior to the establishment of a community property regime; property acquired by a spouse with separate things or with separate and community things when the value of the community things is inconsequential in comparison with the value of the separate things used; property acquired by a spouse by inheritance or donation to him individually; damages awarded to a spouse in an action for breach of contract against the other spouse or for the loss sustained as a result of fraud or bad faith in the management of community property by the other spouse; damages or other indemnity awarded to a spouse in connection with the management of his separate property; and things acquired by a spouse as a result of a voluntary partition of the community during the existence of a community property regime. Art. 2341.

Acquisition of undivided interests; separate and community property: A. A spouse's undivided interest in property otherwise classified as separate property under Article 2341 remains his separate property regardless of the acquisition of other undivided interests in the property during the existence of the legal regime, the source of improvements thereto, or by whom the property was managed, used, or enjoyed.

B. In property in which an undivided interest is held as community property and an undivided interest is held as separate property, each spouse owns a present undivided one-half interest in that portion of the undivided interest which is community and a spouse owns a present undivided interest in that portion of the undivided interest which is separate. Art. 2341.1.

SECTION 3. TERMINATION OF THE COMMUNITY

Causes of termination:
The legal regime of community property is terminated by the death or judgment of declaration of death of a spouse, declaration of the nullity of the marriage, judgment of divorce or separation of property, or matrimonial agreement that terminates the community. Art. 2356.

Satisfaction of obligation after termination of regime:
An obligation incurred by a spouse before or during the community property regime may be satisfied after termination of the regime from the property of the former community and from the separate property of the spouse who incurred the obligation. The same rule applies to an obligation for attorney's fees and costs in an action for divorce incurred by a spouse between the date the petition for divorce was filed and the date of the judgment of divorce that terminates the community regime.

If a spouse disposes of property of the former community for a purpose other than the satisfaction of community obligations, he is liable for all obligations incurred by the other spouse up to the value of that community property.

A spouse may by written act assume responsibility for one-half of each community obligation incurred by the other spouse. In such case, the assuming spouse may dispose of community property without incurring further responsibility for the obligations incurred by the other spouse. Art. 2357.

CHAPTER 3--SEPARATION OF PROPERTY REGIME

Separation of property regime:
A regime of separation of property is established by a matrimonial agreement that excludes the legal regime of community of acquets and gains or by a judgment decreeing separation of property. Art. 2370.

Expenses of the marriage:
Each spouse contributes to the expenses of the marriage as provided in the matrimonial agreement. In the absence of such a provision, each spouse contributes in proportion to his means. Art. 2373.

Effect of judgment:

A. Except as provided in Paragraph C of this Article, a judgment decreeing separation of property terminates the regime of community property retroactively to the day of the filing of the petition or motion therefor, without prejudice to rights validly acquired in the interim between filing of the petition or motion and rendition of judgment.
B. If a judgment has been rendered on the ground that the spouses have lived separate and apart either after the filing of a petition for divorce without having reconciled or for six months, a reconciliation reestablishes the regime of community property between the spouses retroactively to the day of the filing of the motion or petition therefor, unless prior to the reconciliation the spouses execute a matrimonial agreement to the contrary. This agreement need not be approved by the court and is effective toward third persons when filed for registry in the manner provided by Article 2332. The reestablishment of the community is effective toward third persons when a notice thereof is filed for registry in the same manner.
C. If a judgment is rendered on the ground that the spouses were living separate and apart after the filing of a petition for divorce without having reconciled, the judgment shall be effective retroactively to the date the original petition for divorce was filed, without prejudice to rights validly acquired in the interim between filing of the petition or motion and rendition of judgment. All subsequent pleadings or motions involving matters incidental to the divorce must be filed in the first filed suit. Art. 2375.

Case Law:

The community property settlement agreement is in authentic form when it has been executed before a notary public and two witnesses in conformity with La.Civ. Code art. 1833. Therefore, under La.Civ. Code art. 1835 the document is full proof of the agreement between the contracting parties. Courts are bound to give legal effect to such written contracts according to the true intent of the parties, and this intent is to be determined by the words of the contract when they are clear, explicit, and lead to no absurd consequences. Oberfell v. Oberfell, 516 So.2d 424 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1987). The meaning and intent of the parties to a written contract must be sought within the four corners of the instrument and cannot be explained or contradicted by parol evidence. La.Civ. Code art. 1848; Oberfell v. Oberfell, 516 So.2d 424 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1987). However, when the terms of a contract are susceptible to more than one meaning, or there is uncertainty or ambiguity as to its provisions, or the intent of the parties cannot be ascertained from the language, parol evidence is admissible to clarify the ambiguity or show the intention of the parties. Hebert v. Neyrey, 432 So.2d 396 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1983), modified, 445 So.2d 1165 (La. 1984).

BUT, in cases where the terms of the community property settlement agreement do not itemize the specific property to be partitioned, this uncertainty regarding the inclusion of items, the trial judge may properly admitt parol evidence to determine whatitems the parties intended to divide. McCARROLL v. McCARROLL, 95 1972 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/28/96); 680 So.2d 681

Lousiana, being a community property state, has rules and obligations which may be used to rescinf a voluntary community property settlement agreement where the shares are legally sufficiently disproportionate to trigger the law of "lesion" and give the party receiving the smaller share a right of action to reform the agreement. This right hinges on the "fair market value" of the "immovable" property (real estate, etc) at the time the agreement was reached between the parties. King v. King, 493 So.2d 679 (La.App. 2d Cir.), writ denied, 497 So.2d 316 (La. 1986).

A party seeking to rescind a community partition [property agreement] for lesion must prove "by strong and convincing evidence" the value of the community estate at the time of the settlement; and the value actually received from any conversion or transfer of community assets. Ozane v. Ozane, 392 So.2d 774 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1980)