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Gifts in trust do not qualify for the annual exclusion unless the trust either qualifies as a Minor's Trust under Internal Revenue Code Section 2503(c) or has certain temporary withdrawal powers called Crummey powers.
2503(c) trust has one beneficiary, and the assets in the trust are irrevocably his or hers (i.e., the assets cannot be redirected to another beneficiary); Because the trust is irrevocable, the grantor gives up total control of the assets; The trust income tax rates may penalize those trusts that accumulate income; and.
A gift in trust is a way to avoid taxes on gifts that exceed the annual gift tax exclusion amount. One type of gift in trust is a Crummey trust, which allows gifts to be given for a specific period, establishing the gifts as a present interest and eligible for the gift tax exclusion.
A 2503(c) trust, or minor's trust, is a trust established to hold gifts for one child until he or she attains age 21. A gift to this type of trust qualifies for the annual federal gift tax exclusion.
A Section 2503(c) trust allows all the principal and income to be used for the child until he reaches the age of 21, unlike the 2503(b) trust that extends beyond age 21 and requires income to be paid to the child annually. The trustee can pay the child's college expenses from the 2503(c) trust.
For 2021, the gift tax exclusion has been set at $15,000 per person per year for a joint filer. For example, that means you can give up to $15,000 worth of monetary gifts to your son, up to $15,000 in gifts to your daughter, and up to $15,000 in cash to your little cousin.
Section 2503(b) is also known as a Qualifying Minor's Trust or Mandatory Income Trust. This is an irrevocable trust which requires distribution of income on an annual basis. Most often, distributed funds are placed into a custodial bank account until the child reaches legal age.
The Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) provides a way to transfer financial assets to a minor without the time-consuming and expensive establishment of a formal trust. A UGMA account is managed by an adult custodian until the minor beneficiary comes of age, at which point they assume control of the account.
Gifts to the minor are exempted up to $15,000 a year from Federal taxes, but the minor will be required to pay taxes beyond this amount. Also, UGMA transfer allows the gift to be taxed based on the minor's tax rate.
The key difference between a 2503(c) trust and a 2503(b) trust is the distribution requirement. Parents who are concerned about providing a child or other beneficiary with access to trust funds at age 21 might be better off with a 2503(b), since there is no requirement for access at age 21.