Washington Geophysical and Seismic Operations

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Multi-State
Control #:
US-OG-800
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Word; 
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Description

This lease rider form may be used when you are involved in a lease transaction, and have made the decision to utilize the form of Oil and Gas Lease presented to you by the Lessee, and you want to include additional provisions to that Lease form to address specific concerns you may have, or place limitations on the rights granted the Lessee in the “standard” lease form.

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FAQ

Seismic energy propagates through media as waves and, under certain conditions, undergoes critical refraction. A critically refracted seismic wave travels along acoustic interfaces and generates new waves that can be detected at the surface.

A hammer plate is a metal plate on which a sledgehammer is struck to generate seismic waves to conduct seismic refraction surveys. Seismic refraction is one of the methods of geophysics used to investigate subsurface ground conditions for trenchless operations. It utilizes seismic waves sourced from the ground surface.

The general principle of seismic reflection is to send elastic waves (using an energy source such as dynamite explosion or Vibroseis) into the Earth, where each layer within the Earth reflects a portion of the wave's energy back and allows the rest to refract through.

The refraction technique uses a long array of geophones to sense refracted waves, and the reflection technique uses a condensed array near the source to sense reflected waves (Fig. 4.10). Reflection surveys are widely used to map the upper crust for oil and gas exploration.

A seismic reflection event to be generated needs necessarily two things, an impedance contrast at the interface of two rock types and a minimum width (Fresnel Zone ) of the interface. The reflection amplitude and its continuity depend on the degree of contrast across the interface and its extent and nature.

Reflection Seismology entails the use of generated parcels of elastic strain energy in rocks measuring the travel time through the rock body from a given seismic source to receivers. This parcels of energy travel as P-and S-waves propagated by compressional-dilational uniaxial strain and pure shear strain respectively.

2.1. The general principle involves sending artificially generated acoustic waves down the water column and into the seafloor, where the different structures and objects within the Earth's crust reflect this energy back ing to their acoustic impedance.

Seismic reflection surveying is the most widely used geophysical technique to explore for hydrocarbons. The measurement of the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields are also used to determine the geometry and depth of particular subsurface areas, known as sedimentary basins, where oil and gas are typically located.

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Washington Geophysical and Seismic Operations