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B. To succeed on a Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must prove that his constitutional rights were violated, and that the violation was caused by a person acting under color of law.
Thus, a declaratory judgment action that is nothing more than an anticipatory defense to a breach of contract claim may be an inappropriate use of the declaratory judgment mechanism. Given that courts have discretion whether to entertain a declaratory judgment action, they may decline to do so under such circumstances.
The elements of a § 1983 claim are (1) the action occurred ?under color of state law? and (2) the action resulted in the deprivation of a constitutional right or federal statutory right. Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F. 3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir.
The most common types of Section 1983 cases involve infringements of various constitutional rights, including: First Amendment rights: Freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and religion.
Declaratory relief refers to a court's declaratory judgment stating the rights of parties without ordering any specific action or listing awards for damages.
To establish a claim pursuant to Section 1983, a plaintiff must ?demonstrate a violation of a right secured by the Constitution and the laws of the United States [and] that alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law.? Id.
A Section 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim requires the plaintiff to show (1) she engaged in protected speech, (2) the government's retaliatory conduct adversely affected that speech and (3) a causal link exists between the conduct and the adverse effect.
The controversy must be real, involving justiciable questions that relate to the parties' rights and obligations. For example, a party may bring an action for declaratory relief before an actual breach or invasion of rights has occurred. However, the action must be based on an actual controversy with known parameters.