18.8 Securities-Causation is the legal doctrine that holds a person responsible for illegal activities related to their securities trades. It typically applies when a person has knowingly or recklessly caused another to suffer a loss due to their actions. There are three main types of Securities-Causation: insider trading, market manipulation, and fraud. Insider trading is the illegal act of buying or selling securities, such as stocks or bonds, with the intent of taking advantage of inside information not available to the public. Market manipulation is the intentional creation of false information or trading activity in an effort to influence the price of a security. Finally, fraud involves making false statements or manipulating financial documents in order to deceive investors.