15.9 Infringement-Elements-Validity-Unregistered Marks is a legal term used to describe a situation in which a party is found to be infringing on a trademark that is not registered with the US Patent and Trademark Office. This can include trademark infringement, trade dress infringement, passing off, and false advertising. The elements of the infringement include the use of a confusingly similar mark, the use of a mark in relation to the same goods or services, and the likelihood of confusion among consumers. The validity of an unregistered mark must be established by showing secondary meaning, or a strong association between the mark and the goods or services in the minds of consumers. Different types of unregistered marks include common law trademarks, geographic trademarks, and trade dress.