The Rhode Island Carbon Dioxide Storage and Secondary Recovery Unit Agreement (RI-CCSSRU Agreement) is a legal agreement specifically designed to regulate the storage and secondary recovery of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Rhode Island. This agreement aims to provide a framework for the safe and environmentally responsible management of CO2 emissions. One key aspect of the RI-CCSSRU Agreement is the establishment of carbon dioxide storage units. These units are dedicated facilities or sites where captured CO2 is securely stored underground in geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or deep saline aquifers. The agreement outlines the requirements for identifying suitable storage sites, conducting site characterization studies, and implementing monitoring systems to ensure the integrity and efficacy of the CO2 storage process. In addition to storage, the RI-CCSSRU Agreement also covers secondary recovery operations. Secondary recovery refers to the process of injecting CO2 into oil reservoirs to enhance oil production. By injecting CO2 into the reservoir, the oil's viscosity is reduced, allowing it to flow more easily and be extracted. This process not only maximizes oil production but also facilitates the permanent storage of CO2 within the reservoir. The agreement lays out the obligations and responsibilities of all stakeholders involved in CO2 storage and secondary recovery operations. This includes operators of storage and injection sites, monitoring and verification experts, regulatory authorities, and potentially impacted communities. The agreement emphasizes the importance of transparency, public engagement, and adherence to stringent safety protocols throughout the entire process. Different types of the Rhode Island Carbon Dioxide Storage and Secondary Recovery Unit Agreement may exist, depending on specific site characteristics and project objectives. For instance, agreements may differ based on the type of geological storage formation utilized, such as depleted oil and gas fields or saline aquifers. Variations could also arise in the scale and scope of the project, the duration of the agreement, or the specific secondary recovery techniques employed. It is important to note that the Rhode Island Carbon Dioxide Storage and Secondary Recovery Unit Agreement aligns with regional and national policies aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. By facilitating carbon capture, storage, and utilization, this agreement represents a proactive approach to reducing CO2 emissions while potentially unlocking additional energy resources in Rhode Island.
Rhode Island Carbon Dioxide Storage and Secondary Recovery Unit Agreement
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Potential carbon capture and storage locations are carefully selected to ensure carbon dioxide remains safely and securely underground. Carbon dioxide is typically stored at depths of greater than 800 meters below the earth's surface. Thick, impermeable rocks seal the formations to hold carbon dioxide in place.
The capture can take place at a pressure which increases efficiency for absorbing CO2 into an amine solvent or pushing it through a separation membrane. Typical processing conditions are 60 barg (~60 times atmospheric pressure or 60 atm) and approximately 20 to 40 deg C.
CCS will be a key option for reducing emissions in countries reliant on coal-based electricity generation. The concept is to capture CO2 produced by burning coal in power stations, compress it, pipe it away from the plant and then store it deep underground.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be stored underground as a supercritical fluid. Supercritical CO2 means that the CO2 is at a temperature in excess of 31.1°C (88ºF) and a pressure in excess of 72.9 atm (about 1,057 psi); this temperature and pressure defines the critical point for CO2.
Mineral storage The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that for well-selected, well-designed and well-managed geological storage sites, CO2 could be trapped for millions of years, retaining over 99 per cent of the injected CO2 over 1000 years.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a way of reducing carbon emissions, which could be key to helping to tackle global warming.
Image depicting Basalt Formations in the United States. Basalts may offer a highly secure method of CO2 storage because of their potential to allow the CO2 to react with the minerals in basalt to form carbonates, thereby permanently trapping the CO2.
Captured carbon dioxide can be stored in underground geologic formation or be put to productive use in the manufacture of fuels, building materials, enhanced oil recovery and more.