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In order to remove a case to federal court, the federal court must have subject matter jurisdiction over the matter. If there is no federal jurisdiction, the case cannot be removed. Generally speaking, a case can be removed to federal court if it could have been filed in federal court by the plaintiff.
A defendant or defendants desiring to remove any criminal prosecution from a State court shall file in the district court of the United States for the district and division within which such prosecution is pending a notice of removal signed pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and containing a ...
The so-called forum defendant rule prevents removal to federal district court based on diversity jurisdiction when there is a local in-state defendant in the lawsuit. The majority of cases involve disputes over whether the local in-state defendant is improperly (some prefer ?fraudulently?) joined.
Personal jurisdiction can generally be waived (contrast this with Subject Matter Jurisdiction, which cannot be waived), so if the party being sued appears in a court without objecting to the court's lack of personal jurisdiction over it, then the court will assume that the defendant is waiving any challenge to personal ...
In federal court, under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is considered a favored defense and may be raised at any point in the litigation process, even if the parties had previously argued that subject-matter jurisdiction existed.
The statute governing personal jurisdiction for federal courts is FRCP 4. Rule 4(k)(1)(a) provides that a federal court can piggyback onto the longarm statute of the state in which it sits. If the state court would have personal jurisdiction over this defendant, then a federal court in the same state will as well.
A defendant does not waive any defense it may have to an action, however, by removing the case from state to federal court. A defendant may, for example, move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction after removing a suit.
Once a case has been removed from state to federal court, the state court no longer has jurisdiction over the matter, though a federal court can remand a case to state court.