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In an asset sale the target's contracts are transferred to the buyer by means of assigning the contracts to the buyer. The default rule is generally that a party to a contract has the right to assign the agreement to a third party (although the assigning party remains liable to the counter-party under the agreement).
An asset purchase involves the purchase of the selling company's assets -- including facilities, vehicles, equipment, and stock or inventory. A stock purchase involves the purchase of the selling company's stock only.
Transfer (assignment) of contracts. If shares in a company are being sold, then the contracts that the company has with third parties will not need to be changed. However, if assets are being sold, then contracts will need to be assigned or novated (different types of transfer) to the buyer.
An asset purchase agreement is an agreement between a buyer and a seller to purchase property, like business assets or real property, either on their own or as part of a merger-acquisition.
In an asset purchase, the buyer will only buy certain assets of the seller's company. The seller will continue to own the assets that were not included in the purchase agreement with the buyer. The transfer of ownership of certain assets may need to be confirmed with filings, such as titles to transfer real estate.
Provisions of an APA may include payment of purchase price, monthly installments, liens and encumbrances on the assets, condition precedent for the closing, etc. An APA differs from a stock purchase agreement (SPA) under which company shares, title to assets, and title to liabilities are also sold.
The bill of sale is typically delivered as an ancillary document in an asset purchase to transfer title to tangible personal property. It does not cover intangible property (such as intellectual property rights or contract rights) or real property.
The asset purchase agreement is often drafted up towards the end of the negotiation stage, so that the parties can have a final record of their agreement. The document essentially operates as a contract, creating legally binding duties on each of the parties involved.
In an asset sale, a firm sells some or all of its actual assets, either tangible or intangible. The seller retains legal ownership of the company that has sold the assets but has no further recourse to the sold assets. The buyer assumes no liabilities in an asset sale.