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The Guam rail, referred to locally as the ko'ko', was once a common bird with an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 birds in Guam during the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, the species was almost lost entirely due to predation by the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis).
The Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni), called ko'ko' in the native Chamorro language, is the official bird of Guam.
Guam, an island 30 miles long and 5 to 15 miles wide about 3,800 miles west of Hawaii, lost most of its native birds after the brown tree snake was introduced by accident from the Admiralty Islands following World War II.
Guam rails were once considered extinct in the wild. However, populations have been established on Rota and Cocos Island near Guam, and the bird is now listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
When the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam it caused the local extinction of most of the island's native bird and lizard species.
So it took just a few decades before 9 of Guam's 11 native species of forest-dwelling birds disappeared for good down the snakes' gullets. In 1987, the Guam rail was added to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) ignoble list of species considered extinct in the wild.
At the same time, bird populations on Guam mysteriously began to decline. For years, no one knew why. In 1987 the US ecologist Julie Savidge provided conclusive evidence that the two were linked: the brown tree snake was eating the island's birds. Today, 10 of Guam's 12 original forest bird species have been lost.
The biggest factor driving their deaths is habitat loss: Much of the birds' breeding and nesting grounds are being transformed into fallow fields as agricultural development expands. "We expected to see continuing declines of threatened species.
The brown treesnake was a major contributor to the loss of nine of 11 native forest birds and significant population declines of several native lizards, bats and other bird species on Guam. They now pose a threat to the wildlife of Cocos Island.
Although listed by the Guam Endangered Species Act in 1982 and added to the U.S. Endangered Species List in 1984, the Guam kingfisher is now extinct on Guam. Many of Guam's native birds have been severely reduced or even driven to extinction by the brown tree snake.