The Alaska Boundary Line Agreement (Short Form) refers to a treaty that established the boundary between the Alaska Territory of the United States and British Columbia, Canada. This agreement aimed to resolve a longstanding territorial dispute between the two nations in the early 20th century. It is also known as the Alaska Boundary Treaty or the Hay-Herbert Agreement, named after the negotiators, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and British Ambassador to the United States Sir Michael Herbert. The Alaska Boundary Line Agreement divided the disputed area along the 141st meridian west from the Bering Strait to Mount St. Elias, and then followed the crest of the mountains until reaching the ocean. The agreement was signed on October 20, 1903, and went into effect on April 4, 1904. It remains in force to this day, serving as the official boundary separating Alaska, part of the United States, from British Columbia, part of Canada. While there is only one main Alaska Boundary Line Agreement (Short Form), it is important to differentiate it from other agreements related to Alaska's boundaries. The Alaska Boundary Line Agreement (Long Form) refers to a more in-depth treaty that provided additional details and maps regarding the border. This long-form agreement accompanied the short-form agreement and helped clarify the precise location and delineation of the boundary. Furthermore, the Alaska Boundary Tribunal was an international tribunal established to resolve the dispute over the boundary line. Its purpose was to examine historical evidence, maps, and arguments from both parties before making a decision. The tribunal consisted of three members appointed by the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, respectively. The final ruling, issued on October 20, 1903, largely favored the United States, affirming its claims to the southeastern portion of Alaska. In summary, the Alaska Boundary Line Agreement (Short Form) is a treaty that settled the territorial dispute between the United States and Canada. It established the boundary line along the 141st meridian west from the Bering Strait to Mount St. Elias, serving as the official divide between Alaska and British Columbia.
Alaska Boundary Line Agreement (Short Form)
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The 1825 Treaty of Saint Petersburg between England and Russia set the southern coastal border of the Panhandle near modern Prince Rupert, British Columbia ? but the region was so mountainous that much of it remained unsurveyed. In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia.
In the 1840s, the US became interested in annexing all of Oregon Country up to 54°40?N. However, the US and Great Britain eventually signed a treaty that set the boundary at 49°N. By the time of the Alaska Purchase, Alaska and the rest of the US were separated by the colony of British Columbia.
Alaska probably isn't part of Canada because historically it was never part of British North America- it was a Russian territory before it was purchased by the United States. Therefore, it has never really been "up for grabs" as long as Canada has been a country.
The United States held that the line followed all the windings of the coast. The problem was referred to a joint arbitration commission of three Americans, two Canadians, and one Briton. The commission met in London in 1903. The United States claim was upheld by a vote of four to two.
Though Canada lost the Alaska boundary dispute, the event marked a significant moment in which the country began to distinguish its political interests from both Britain and the United States.
There are two main reasons. First, Canada wasn't its own country in 1867. Second, Great Britain controlled the Canadian colonies. Russia did not want to sell Alaska to its rival.
Russia controlled most of the area that is now Alaska from the late 1700s until the mid-1800s, when the fur trade began to fail for ecological and commercial reasons, and Russia decided to focus its efforts to the east.
At no point has Alaska ever been a part of Canada. The territory was originally occupied by local tribes for thousands of years before coming under Russian ownership. Eventually, in 1867, it was purchased by the United States from Russia and has remained under their ownership ever since.
