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Unsecured creditors are individuals or entities that provide loans or credit without securing the debt with collateral. In the context of bankruptcy, especially under chapter 13, these creditors do not have a legal claim to specific assets. Instead, they rely on the debtor's promise to repay the debt over time. Understanding how unsecured creditors in chapter 13 operate can help you navigate your financial obligations more effectively.
Unsecured debt. This type of debt, which includes credit card bills and medical debt, is usually fully dischargeable in bankruptcy. This means that, regardless of whether your creditor files a proof of claim, these debts will be forgiven at the end of the bankruptcy process.
Meanwhile, repayment to unsecured creditors is generally dependent on bankruptcy proceedings or successful litigation. An unsecured creditor must first file a legal complaint in court and obtain a judgment before proceeding with collection through wage garnishment and other types of liquidated borrower-owned assets.
In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you must devote all of your "disposable income" to the repayment of your debts over the life of your Chapter 13 plan. Your disposable income first goes to your secured and priority creditors. Your unsecured creditors share any remaining amount.
The difference between the debtor's current monthly income and the debtor's expenses will be the monthly disposable income. This amount, multiplied by thirty-six months, will be the amount that must be paid to unsecured creditors in Chapter 13, for debtors below the median income.
You don't have to pay unsecured debts in full. Instead, you pay all your disposable income toward the debt during your three-year or five-year repayment plan. The unsecured creditors must receive as much as they would have if you'd filed Chapter 7.