In a monumental decision from a trio of cases issued on June 15, 2020, the United States Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and/or transgender status. In Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia and Altitude Express, Inc.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act does not cover federal employees or independent contractors.
Section 703 is the core antidiscrimination section of Title VII. part: It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment...
Examples of civil rights include the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to government services, the right to a public education, the right to gainful employment, the right to housing, the right to use public facilities, freedom of religion.
Plaintiff-Appellant Warnether Muhammad filed this Title VII suit against his employer, Caterpillar, Inc., alleging that his co-workers created a hostile work environment based in part on his sexual orientation, and that his supervisor unlawfully retaliated against him by suspending him after he complained about the ...
The current diversity jurisdiction provision is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and grants federal court jurisdiction in all civil actions between citizens of different states and between a citizen of a state and a subject of a foreign state if the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.
Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution, but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law, including the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, discrimination is a state of mind and, therefore, notoriously hard to prove. Sophisticated employers are well aware that discrimination is illegal. Thus, most cases are established through circumstantial evidence.