4th Amendment Rules In North Carolina
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Like the rest of the Bill of Rights, the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution originally only applied in federal court. This changed in the U.S. Supreme Court case Mapp v. Ohio (1961). There, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment rights apply equally in state courts through the Fourteenth Amendment.
In the United States, the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution guarantees protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, there may be circumstances when law enforcement officers conduct searches without obtaining a warrant, raising concerns about potential violations of individuals' civil liberties.
The primary way to amend the Constitution of the State of North Carolina is by a vote of the qualified voters of the State. The General Assembly first passes a law by a three-fifths vote of the members of both the House and Senate.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things ...
An item is subject to seizure pursuant to a search warrant if there is probable cause to believe that it: (1) Is stolen or embezzled; or (2) Is contraband or otherwise unlawfully possessed; or (3) Has been used or is possessed for the purpose of being used to commit or conceal the commission of a crime; or (4) ...
Congress must call a convention for proposing amendments upon application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states (i.e., 34 of 50 states). Amendments proposed by Congress or convention become valid only when ratified by the legislatures of, or conventions in, three-fourths of the states (i.e., 38 of 50 states).
In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Because the Fourth Amendment does not restrict the actions of state officers, 447 there was originally no question about the application of an exclusionary rule in state courts 448 as a mandate of federal constitutional policy.
Generally, a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy for property and personal effects they hold open to the public. The Fourth Amendment does not protect things that are visible or in "plain view" for a person of ordinary and unenhanced vision.
In the United States, the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution guarantees protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, there may be circumstances when law enforcement officers conduct searches without obtaining a warrant, raising concerns about potential violations of individuals' civil liberties.
