No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
The 14 th Amendment to the United States Constitution granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, including former slaves, and guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the laws.
Congress has always acted when called upon to raise the debt limit. Since 1960, Congress has acted 78 separate times to permanently raise, temporarily extend, or revise the definition of the debt limit – 49 times under Republican presidents and 29 times under Democratic presidents.
Making room for these innovations, the Court has determined that due process requires, at a minimum: (1) notice; (2) an opportunity to be heard; and (3) an impartial tribunal.
The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution contains a number of important concepts, most famously state action, privileges or immunities, citizenship, due process, and equal protection—all of which are contained in Section One.
The core of these requirements is notice and a hearing before an impartial tribunal. Due process may also require an opportunity for confrontation and cross-examination, and for discovery; that a decision be made based on the record, and that a party be allowed to be represented by counsel.
The right to receive fair notice of the hearing; • The right to secure the assistance of counsel; • The right to cross examine witnesses; • A written decision, with reasons based on evidence introduced, and with an opportunity to appeal the decision.
Identifying the specific dictates of due process generally requires considering three factors: the private interest that will be affected by the official action; the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the procedures used, and the probable value of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; ...
Procedural due process A neutral and unbiased tribunal. A notice of the government's intended action and the asserted grounds for it. The opportunity for the individual to present the reasons why the government should not move forward with the intended action.