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Sample variance and Standard Deviation using R var(y) instructs R to calculate the sample variance of Y. In other words it uses n-1 'degrees of freedom', where n is the number of observations in Y. sd(y) instructs R to return the sample standard deviation of y, using n-1 degrees of freedom. sd(y) = sqrt(var(y)).
Var(data)*(n-1)/n So, we can use the following simple calculation to retrieve the population variance from sample data. Since var() in R provides the sample variance, we can multiply var() with (n-1)/n to get the population variance. It will provide the same output as the following when calculated manually.
In R, sample variance is calculated with the var() function. In those rare cases where you need a population variance, use the population mean to calculate the sample variance and multiply the result by (n-1)/n. As the sample size gets very large, sample variance converges on the population variance.
Calculate the variance manually Calculate the sample mean. Calculate the squared difference between each data point and the sample mean. Sum these squared differences (i.e. compute the sum of squares) Divide the sum of squares by (i.e. the sample size minus 1)