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The length of the horizontal section, or lateral, can range from a few hundred feet to several miles. Hydraulically fractured horizontal wells have accounted for most of all new wells drilled and completed since late 2014.
Like the name, horizontal wells are drilled from the side. Vertical wells drill downward, but horizontal well is drilled off of a vertical borehole. Specifically, a well is horizontal if it's dug at an angle of at least eighty degrees to a vertical wellbore.
The advantages of using horizontal drilling include: Durability, as the pipes are very strong. Quicker installation with less disruption to landscaping. Lower installation cost with a smaller crew.
The total amount of horizontal oil and gas wells in the United States has considerably increased between 2008 and 2018, from some 28,400 to approximately 140,000 horizontal wells.
A horizontal well is a type of directional drilling technique. Operators use it to retrieve oil and natural gas in situations in which the shape of the reservoir is abnormal or difficult to access. It permits access to subsurface reservoirs that may not be accessible from directly above.
Directional or horizontal drilling allows producers more flexibility and precision in reaching and extracting oil/gas compared to vertical drilling. Horizontal drilling also reduces the ecological footprint of a drilling operation above ground by drilling in several directions from a single well pad.
The two main advantages from horizontal wells are: a. more effective drainage of the reservoir (i.e. increased overall reserves recovery) b. reduced water and gas coning. The drainage of a reservoir is increased by horizontal drilling through increasing the amount of reservoir that is exposed to the wellbore.
Although horizontal wells are expensive compared to vertical wells, they are preferred due to higher oil and gas production. When combined with hydraulic fracturing, it is estimated that horizontal drilling can cost many times more per foot than vertical drilling.