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A disposal well is often a depleted oil or gas well, into which waste fluids can be injected for safe disposal. A by-product of oil and gas production is water that was either trapped in the same deep formations, was injected to stimulate a formation (hydraulic fracturing), or was injected to enhance oil recovery.
Class I wells are used to inject hazardous and non-hazardous wastes into deep, isolated rock formations. Class II wells are used exclusively to inject fluids associated with oil and natural gas production. Class III wells are used to inject fluids to dissolve and extract minerals.
Disposal wells inject saltwater into underground formations, often over a mile in depth, into sub-surface zones that already contain naturally occurring saltwater. In contrast, wells that supply fresh water can vary in depth throughout the state, but generally range from no deeper than a few hundred to a thousand feet.
How Saltwater Disposal Works. Saltwater is typically ejected from the wells into natural underground formations sealed within an impenetrable rock to prevent the saltwater from escaping into surrounding soil and groundwater.
The majority of oil and gas wastewater in California is injected into the geology beneath our feet. There are roughly 50,000 injection wells in California, most used to for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques such as steam flooding, cyclic steam injection, and water flooding.
Deep well injection is the process of safely storing or disposing of liquids deep underground. It involves drilling beneath drinking water aquifers (1,500 to >3,000 feet deep) to trap the liquid waste under multiple impermeable layers of rock. It requires favorable geology, so it is not suitable for all locations.
Once finished, the salt water must be carefully discarded at a nearby salt water well disposal site or trucked to a well, which can be costly. A salt water disposal well is a deep disposal site created specifically for the salt water byproduct of oil and gas production.
A saltwater disposal (SWD) well is a disposal site for water collected as a byproduct of oil and gas production. Quite often when oil and gas are pumped out of the earth, they aren't pure enough for distribution. The oil and gas go through a separation phase or are treated with chemicals that extract the impurities.