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As to § 1983 claims, ?[i]t is well-established that a 'jury may award punitive damages . . . either when a defendant's conduct was driven by evil motive or intent, or when it involved a reckless or callous indifference to the constitutional rights of others.
418, the California Supreme Court articulated 'three guideposts' for courts reviewing punitive damages: ?(1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant's misconduct; (2) the disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award; and (3) the difference between the ...
General and special damages are compensatory damages, which serve to compensate the plaintiff for economic loss and pain and suffering, attempting to make them whole. Punitive damages are meant to punish the defendant for his or her negligence or recklessness.
In Canada, punitive damages are paid to Plaintiffs where the wrongdoer, in addition to causing actual (compensatory) damages, carried on in a way that was callous, highhanded, malicious or vindictive.
Generally, punitive damages are in excess of provable injuries. They are usually only awarded in cases brought under tort law, such as personal injury or medical malpractice cases, rather than those brought because of a contractual dispute.
Because punitive damages are awarded to punish or deter a defendant, if the person has already been punished, such as being convicted in Criminal Court, it is far less likely that punitive damages will be awarded in Civil Court. In Canada it is rare that the courts punish someone a second time for the same conduct.
Punitive damages are awarded when the defendant's conduct is determined to have been so "willful, malicious, or fraudulent" that it exceeds the legal criteria for mere or gross negligence. Punitive damages typically involve awards over and above the compensatory damage award.
The court must make sure the punitive damages award is reasonable and justified based on the circumstances. There's also a specific limit to punitive damages in New Jersey. No one can be liable for punitive damages that exceed five times their compensatory damages or $350,000, whichever is greater.