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Natural gas prices are a function of market supply and demand. Increases in natural gas supply generally result in lower natural gas prices, and decreases in supply tend to lead to higher prices. Increases in demand generally lead to higher prices, and decreases in demand tend to lead to lower prices.
The market part of the storage value has two components: intrinsic and extrinsic value. While intrinsic value is a static view of the forward curve, extrinsic value is a complex function of the seasonal spread, spot price volatility, forward spread volatility, asset flexibility and individual optimisation strategies.
Deliverability is most often expressed as a measure of the amount of gas that can be delivered (withdrawn) from a storage facility on a daily basis. Also referred to as the deliverability rate, withdrawal rate, or withdrawal capacity, deliverability is usually expressed in terms of million cubic feet per day (MMcf/d).
Depleted natural gas or oil fields function as gas storage reservoirs in California. Natural gas is injected into the storage reservoirs through gas storage wells and stored until withdrawn for use. There are 12 underground natural gas storage fields in the state.
It is most commonly held in inventory underground under pressure in three types of facilities. These underground facilities are depleted reservoirs in oil and/or natural gas fields, aquifers, and salt cavern formations. Natural gas is also stored in liquid or gaseous form in above?ground tanks.
Natural gas, like most other commodities, can be stored for an indefinite period of time. The exploration, production, and transportation of natural gas takes time, and the natural gas that reaches its destination is not always needed right away, so it is injected into underground storage facilities.
This is achieved by taking all currently tradeable contracts and determining all possible combinations of pairs of feasible contracts (ie injection months occur before withdrawal months). Each of these pairs is valued as a CSO using the pairs' forward prices, volatilities and the correlation between them.
The basic approach to storage valuation is to calculate the optimal position given the available forward curve and take this position on the forward market. This intrinsic value approach captures the predictable seasonal pattern in gas prices and secures a sure profit.