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The four main types of preference shares are callable shares, convertible shares, cumulative shares, and participatory shares.
Convertible preferred shares can be converted into common stock at a fixed conversion ratio. Once the market price of the company's common stock rises above the conversion price, it may be worthwhile for the preferred shareholders to convert and realize an immediate profit.
Issuing convertible preferred stock is one of the many ways companies can raise capital to fund their operations and expansion. Companies will choose to sell convertible preferred stock because it enables them to avoid taking on debt while limiting the potential dilution of selling additional common stock.
Convertible preferred stock offers the investor the benefits of both preferred stock and common stock. Investors get the stability, liquidation priority, and higher dividends of preferred stock, but they also have the option to convert their shares into common stock later if they believe that the price will go up.
If preferred stock is non-cumulative, preferred shares never receive payments for past dividends that were missed. If preferred stock is cumulative, any past dividends that were missed are paid before any payments are applied to the current period.
After multiplying the number of preferred shares by the conversion ratio, we can calculate the number of convertible common shares. Then, the conversion price can be calculated by dividing the par value of the convertible preferred stock by the number of common shares that could be received.
However, convertible preferred stock also has several drawbacks, such as dilution of ownership, lower dividend rates, higher costs, and risk of conversion.
Convertible notes are usually faster and cheaper to negotiate and close than preferred equity, as they involve less legal documentation and due diligence. They also defer the valuation of the startup until the Series A round, which can be beneficial if the startup grows significantly in the meantime.