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A loan participation involves a sharing or selling of ownership interests in a loan between two or more financial institutions. Normally, but not always, a lead bank originates the loan, closes the loan and then sells ownership interests to one or more participating banks.
Participation loans are loans made by multiple lenders to a single borrower. Several banks, for example, might chip in to fund one extremely large loan, with one of the banks taking the role of the "lead bank". This lending institution then recruits other banks to participate and share the risks and profits.
Participations are a long-established means by which both: Lenders can reduce their exposure to a borrower's credit risk by selling interests in their loans. An investor can acquire an interest in a borrower's loan without becoming a lender under the loan agreement.
The distinction is simple, but important. Generally, an assignment is the actual sale of the loan, in whole or in part. The assignee is now the owner of the loan (or the part assigned) and is considered the lender under the loan agreement.
Generally, participation agreements involve one or more participants who purchase an interest in the underlying loan, but a single lender, the lead lender, retains control over the loan and manages the relationship with the borrower.