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Ultrasound of the vertebral arteries can be variable in diameter. They should always demonstrate antegrade flow (toward the brain) and be low resistance similar to the ICA. Arrows indicate normal flow direction in the extra cerebrovascular circulation.
Normal findings may be documented as: ?2+ carotid pulsation equal bilaterally, smooth contour with a quick upstroke and gradual downstroke.?
Flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery is antegrade in early systole, retrograde in mid and late systole, and antegrade in diastole. It is only during systole as the velocity rises that the pressure gradient across the stenosis is great enough to be hemodynamically significant.
Presence of antegrade flow was significantly associated with large artery atherosclerosis as the cause of stroke. Rate of antegrade flow was much higher in patients with the large artery atherosclerosis subtype than in those with cardioembolism.
Meaning of antegrade in English used to describe a forward direction or movement, for example the normal flow of blood in the body: The treatment resulted in improved antegrade pulmonary blood flow. Antegrade and retrograde catheters are placed prior to cross-clamping.