Copyright without author refers to a form of legal protection granted to creative works that are either anonymous or have unknown authors. It enables the ownership rights associated with a particular work to be established and protected, even when the author's identity remains elusive. In such cases, the focus shifts to safeguarding the work itself rather than the individual's rights. These works, categorized as "anonymous" or "unknown author" creations, encompass various forms of artistic expression, including literature, artwork, music, films, and photographs. Copyright without author ensures that these works are duly acknowledged, credited, and protected, allowing for fair use, reproduction, and distribution. When it comes to copyright without author, there are several categories to consider: 1. Anonymous Works: These are works where the creator intentionally conceals their identity or uses a pseudonym instead. Copyright protection is granted for anonymous works for a specific period, usually the life of the author plus a certain number of years after their death. 2. Orphan Works: Orphan works refer to those whose authors or copyright holders cannot be identified or located after a diligent search. These works present a challenge for potential users, as they desire to respect copyright regulations but can't gain permission from the copyright holder. Due to the uncertainty surrounding their copyright status, orphan works are often excluded from being utilized or adapted until their status is clarified. 3. Works of Joint Authorship: In some cases, creative works have multiple authors, and their individual contributions may not be distinguishable. These are known as works of joint authorship, and copyright protection is granted jointly to all collaborators, regardless of their individual contributions. To utilize or modify such works, permission or licenses must be obtained from all joint authors. 4. Works for Hire: In situations where an employee creates a work as part of their job, the employer usually automatically becomes the copyright owner. These works are referred to as "works for hire," and there is no need to attribute authorship since the employer holds the copyright. Regardless of the type of copyright without author, it is crucial to respect and protect these works' integrity and ownership. Utilizing or reproducing such works without authorization may result in legal consequences and infringement claims. Properly understanding and adhering to copyright laws encourage creativity, respect artistic creators, and ensure the continued existence and accessibility of cultural content.