Such exceptions are experimental or research use; use on foreign vessels; obtaining regulatory approval from authorities; exhaustion of patent rights and parallel imports; compulsory licensing and use or acquisition of inventions by government.
The five primary requirements for patentability are: (1) patentable subject matter; (2) utility; (3) novelty; (4) non-obviousness; and (5) enablement. Like trademarks, patents are territorial, meaning they are enforceable in a specific geographic area.
You design around a claim of a patent by excluding any one feature in the claim from your product. For example, you can make your product out of steel if the claim requires aluminum. You can make your product 5 inches tall if the claim requires that the product be no more than 4.99 inches tall.