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TRACE explains similarly the Ganong effect in phonetic categorization, that is when listeners are subjected to ambiguous input phonemes, then a top-down activation from the lexicon will interfere to bias the interpretation of the ambiguous phoneme to form a word instead of a nonword.

Trace theory is theory about traces left by movement. This theory assumes that if an element X has been moved in the course of a derivation, it has left a trace in its original position.

We see effects on where words have moved from that makes it seem as if some small, invisible thing is left behind in the site where the moved word originally was. We call these silent remains traces.

The TRACE model consists primarily of a very large number of units, organized into three levels, thefeature, phoneme, and word levels. Each unit stands for a hypothesis about a particular perceptual object occurring at a particular point in time defined relative to the beginning of the ut- terance.

We've claimed that when the operation MOVE moves a head or a phrase into a new Surface Structure position, it leaves a silent copy of itself (a trace) behind in the Deep Structure position. This unit presents psycholinguistic evidence that these traces do form part of our mental representation of sentences.

TRACE Model is a framework in which the primary function is to take all of the various sources of information found in speech and integrate them to identify single words. The TRACE model, founded by McClelland and Elman (1986) is based on the principles of interactive activation.

Definition. The Trace model is an interactive model of auditory word recognition, meaning that the model allows an effect of sentence context at any moment during word recognition. In the connectionist TRACE model, word elements are represented by nodes in a network.

Definition. That-trace effect is the phenomenon that the complementizer (that) cannot be followed by a trace (except in relative clauses) in some languages (e.g. English). Thus, in languages showing the that-t(race) effect, a subject cannot be extracted when it follows that.