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Footnote Basic format: x. Author's first name Last name, Title in Italics and in Headline Style (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) requires either footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a bibliography to cite sources used.

The footnote/endnote begins with the same superscript number as the one that appears in the paper and is followed by a period. Footnotes/endnotes always include a specific page number or numbers where the cited information can be found. The first footnote/endnote to a source provides the full publishing information.

Footnote Basic format: x. Author's First name Last name, ?Article Title,? Journal Title Volume, Issue No. (Year): page number.

The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition, the most recent) doesn't have many specific rules for citing PDFs. Essentially, you cite the PDF the same way you would its original source and then add the URL or DOI. This applies to PDFs used as both primary and secondary sources.

What should be included in a footnote? Often, footnotes are simply extra commentary on a passage that doesn't fit within the text. However, in the case of citations, footnotes must include the relevant source information, such as the author's last name, title of the work, and page number related to the passage.

Footnotes appear at the bottom, or foot, of the page. They begin two double spaces below the text. Footnotes are single spaced, but you must double space between them. If a note continues on the next page, add a solid line across that page two spaces below the text and continue the note two spaces below the line.