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Under American rule, the mineral estate holder owns the minerals but not the geologic formation. The surface owner owns the geologic pore space and has storage rights.
(a) General rule. --The ownership of all pore space in all strata below the surface lands and waters of the Commonwealth shall be vested in the owner of the surface above the pore space.
Creates the Underground Carbon Dioxide Storage Act. Provides that the Act applies to the underground storage of carbon dioxide but does not apply to extractable mineral resources, and the rights and requirements of the Act are subordinate to the rights pertaining to oil, gas, and coal resources.
Mineral rights can be sold in any Pennsylvania county for anything from $500/acre to $5,000+/acre. Isn't that a pretty wide range? The reason for such a range is because the ranges depend on where you are located in Pennsylvania. The cost of your property is heavily influenced by where you are located.
This Act ensures a permanent storage of CO2 in underground rock layers in a way that protects humanity and the environment and takes the responsibility for future generations into consideration.
Pore space ownership in the United States varies from state to state and can be owned by the State, by the U.S. government or private individuals. In other countries, subsurface rights are controlled entirely by the government.
Depth ? The CO2 storage zone needs to be located at a sufficient depth and pressure so that CO2 can be injected as a supercritical fluid. Supercritical CO2 is dense and behaves more like a liquid than a gas, allowing for storage of higher concentrations of CO2 by volume.
The Pore Lease Oil & gas leases normally contain provisions allowing the lessee to reinject produced gas and water. These lessors are the mineral owners. Depending upon the lease they granted to a lessee, the ?minerals? that lessees may produce are frequently limited to oil & gas.
Usually the CO2 is captured from large point sources, such as a chemical plant or biomass plant, and then stored in an underground geological formation. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus mitigate climate change.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) costs depend on the process type, capture technology, carbon dioxide (CO2) transport, and storage location. CO2 capture costs are projected to range from CAD 27?48/tCO2 for processes with concentrated CO2 streams to CAD 50?150/tCO2 for diluted gas streams.