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There is no set formula for the calculation of punitive damages. The amount of punitive damages that are awarded will depend on the specific facts of the defendant's conduct. The court must ensure that defendants who deserve to be punished for their behavior do not receive punishment that is excessive.
Expectation damages are damages collected by the non-breaching party that suffers losses due to another party's breach of an agreement. Expectation damages are calculated based on what was promised to the non-breaching party when they entered the agreement.
The New York Pattern Jury Instruction on punitive damages states that a jury must find defendant's conduct to be wanton or malicious, bordering on criminal, before finding punitive damages. See New York Pattern Jury Instruction § 8.
The 'missing witness' instruction allows a jury to draw an unfavorable inference when a party fails to call a witness who would normally be expected to support that party's version of events (People v Savinon, 100 NY2d 192, 196 [2003]).
(1) The reprehensibility of the conduct of the defendant. (2) The amount of punitive damages which will have a deterrent effect on the defendant in the light of defendant's financial condition.
You may award punitive damages only if you find that the defendant's conduct that harmed the plaintiff was malicious, oppressive or in reckless disregard of the plaintiff's rights. Conduct is malicious if it is accompanied by ill will, or spite, or if it is for the purpose of injuring the plaintiff.
The burden of proof in regards to punitive damages is ?clear and convincing evidence.? This is a heightened standard of proof than the normal standard of ?preponderance of evidence.? Therefore, it takes more to be awarded punitive damages.
When a party has the burden of proving any claim [or affirmative defense] by a preponderance of the evidence, it means you must be persuaded by the evidence that the claim [or affirmative defense] is more probably true than not true.