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On-duty time includes all time you are working or are required to be ready to work, for any employer, whether paid or unpaid. If you are working or obligated to do something or be somewhere for a motor carrier, whether paid or not, OR are doing paid work for anyone else, you are on duty.

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration | US Department of Transportation.

The equivalent of at least 10 consecutive hours off duty (equivalent means at least 8 hours but less than 10 consecutive hours in a sleeper berth and a separate period of at least 2 but less than 10 consecutive hours either in the sleeper berth or off duty, or any combination of both.

If you are receiving compensation or are doing anything which benefits any of your employers (trucking or non-trucking), you are considered on duty. In order to be off duty, you must not be doing any sort of work, not receiving compensation, and have free will to do as you please.

On-duty time means all time from the time a driver begins to work or is required to be in readiness to work until the time the driver is relieved from work and all responsibility for performing work.

U.S. Department of Transportation Administrations.

A driver may record time operating a CMV for personal conveyance as off-duty only when the driver is relieved from work and all responsibility for performing work by the motor carrier.

The regulations serve two purposes: (1) they limit time on task, and (2) they allow for periods of rest and sleep. This chapter provides a brief description of HOS regulations in the United States.