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Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 53, No. 366, pp. 1 11, January 2002 REVIEW ARTICLE Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance J.L. Hall1 School of Biological Sciences, University.

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One of the major effects of Si on the reduction of metal toxicity is reducing the metal uptake and transport in plants. It was reported by many researchers that Si application would enhance tolerance to toxic metals in many plant species by reducing the uptake and translocation of metals.

Chelation of metals in the cytosol by high‐affinity ligands is potentially a very important mechanism of heavy‐metal detoxification and tolerance. Potential ligands include amino acids and organic acids, and two classes of peptides, the phytochelatins and the metallothioneins (Rauser, 1999; Clemens, 2001).

There are five main mechanisms of heavy metal resistance in bacteria extracellular barrier, active transport of metal ions (efflux), extracellular sequestration, intracellular sequestration, reduction of metal ions.

The known main molecular mechanisms of metal-induced toxicity in cells are the generation of reactive oxygen species, the interaction with sulfhydryl chemical groups in proteins (e.g., cysteine), and the competition of toxic metals with binding sites of essential metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn).

Every heavy metal has its own specific unique mechanistic process through which it exhibits toxicity. The major mechanisms through which most heavy metals cause toxicity include ROS generation, inhibition of enzyme activities and attenuation of antioxidant defense systems.

To withstand heavy metal stress and metal toxicity, plants have evolved numerous defense mechanisms viz reduced heavy metal uptake, sequestration of metal into vacuoles, binding to phytochelatins/metallothioneins, and activation of various antioxidants (Shahid et al., 2015).

The molecular and cellular levels of HM toxicity include protein and enzyme denaturation, functional group blocking, essential metal substitution, and membrane disruption (Rascio and Navari-Izzo 2011). All these modifications can result in photosynthesis inhibition and respiration (Fig. 1) (Ali et al. 2013).

HM tolerance mechanisms include accumulation, restoration, and immobilization of HMs as metals get bonded with the amino acids, proteins, or peptides and makes a complex. However, it is known as the “plant's second line of defense,” which chiefly accelerates intracellular detoxification of metals in the plants.

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Adoption
Bankruptcy
Contractors
Divorce
Home Sales
Employment
Identity Theft
Incorporation
Landlord Tenant
Living Trust
Name Change
Personal Planning
Small Business
Wills & Estates
Packages A-Z
Form Categories
Affidavits
Bankruptcy
Bill of Sale
Corporate - LLC
Divorce
Employment
Identity Theft
Internet Technology
Landlord Tenant
Living Wills
Name Change
Power of Attorney
Real Estate
Small Estates
Wills
All Forms
Forms A-Z
Form Library
Customer Service
Terms of Service
DMCA Policy
About Us
Blog
Affiliates
Contact Us
Privacy Notice
Delete My Account
Site Map
All Forms
Search all Forms
Industries
Forms in Spanish
Localized Forms
Legal Guides
Real Estate Handbook
All Guides
Prepared for You
Notarize
Incorporation services
Our Customers
For Consumers
For Small Business
For Attorneys
Our Sites
US Legal Forms
USLegal
FormsPass
pdfFiller
signNow
airSlate workflows
DocHub
Instapage
Social Media
Call us now toll free:
1-877-389-0141
As seen in:
  • USA Today logo picture
  • CBC News logo picture
  • LA Times logo picture
  • The Washington Post logo picture
  • AP logo picture
  • Forbes logo picture
© Copyright 1997-2025
airSlate Legal Forms, Inc.
3720 Flowood Dr, Flowood, Mississippi 39232