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1864: The first commercially successful internal combustion engine - a gas-fuelled atmospheric engine - is produced by German engineers Eugen Langen and Nicolaus Otto. The engine won a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition in 1867 and was patented in 1868.

Engineer Nicolaus August Otto invented the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Born in Holzhausen, Germany, Otto built his first gas engine in 1861. Then, in partnership with German industrialist Eugen Langen, they improved the design and won a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1867.

While attempts to devise heat engines were made in ancient times, the steam engine of the 18th century was the first successful type.

In 1864, Nicolaus Otto patented the first commercially successful gas engine. In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke cycle engine.

As early as 1863, Belgian inventor Étienne Lenoir had driven his “hippomobile” the nine kilometres from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont and back. It was powered by Lenoir's own gas engine and fuelled by a turpentine derivative - thus earning it the distinction of the first vehicle with an internal combustion engine.

An international team of physicists have created what they're calling the world's smallest engine. How small is it? The entire engine is a single calcium ion, making it around 10 billion times smaller than a car engine.

The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine, was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto.