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Map projection: It is the system of transformation of the spherical surface onto a plane surface. It is carried out by an orderly and systematic representation of the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude of the spherical earth or part of it on a plane surface on a conveniently chosen scale.

Creating a Scale Map Find a map of an area you want to use. Find both the actual and measured distances of two points on your map. Divide the actual distance by the measured distance on the map for your scale. Place your scale numbers on the map.

In summary, a projection is a way of representing the earth's surface on a map, while a datum is the reference frame or set of parameters used to define the coordinates of that map. Both play important roles in accurately representing the earth's surface.

Therefore, mean blood pressure (MBP) is usually calculated with a standard formula (SF) as follows: MBP = diastolic blood pressure (DBP) + 1/3 [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ? DBP].

The scale of 1 cm to 5 m could also be written as 0. This is the scale expressed as a ratio and it is independent of any units. A scale of 0 means that the actual real-life measurements are 500 times greater than those on the plan or map.

Today the Lambert Conformal Conic projection has become a standard projection for mapping large areas (small scale) in the mid-latitudes ? such as USA, Europe and Australia. It has also become particularly popular with aeronautical charts such as the 0,000 scale World Aeronautical Charts map series.

Clinical formulas for calculation of SBP and MAP (mm Hg) in normal children are as follows: SBP (5th percentile at 50th height percentile) = 2 x age in years + 65, MAP (5th percentile at 50th height percentile) = 1.5 x age in years + 40, and MAP (50th percentile at 50th height percentile) = 1.5 x age in years + 55.

At normal resting heart rates, MAP can be approximated by the following equation: For example, if systolic pressure is 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg (as shown in the figure), then the mean arterial pressure is approximately 93 mmHg using this calculation.

Afterload also affects the stroke volume in that an increase in afterload will decrease stroke volume. Heart rate is affected by the chronotropy, dromotropy, and lusitropy of the myocardium. A common method used to estimate the MAP is the following formula: MAP = DP + 1/3(SP ? DP) or MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)

A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round Earth on a flat surface. This cannot be done without some distortion. Every projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. There is no "best" projection.