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To remedy this, Keymaster introduced key attestation in Android 7.0 (Keymaster 2) and ID attestation in Android 8.0 (Keymaster 3). Key attestation aims to provide a way to strongly determine if an asymmetric key pair is hardware-backed, what the properties of the key are, and what constraints are applied to its usage.

Android's hardware attestation API provides a much stronger form of attestation than the Play Integrity API with the ability to whitelist the keys of alternate operating systems. It also avoids an unnecessary dependency on Google Play services and Google's Play Integrity servers.

TPM key attestation is the ability of the entity requesting a certificate to cryptographically prove to a CA that the RSA key in the certificate request is protected by either "a" or "the" TPM that the CA trusts.

Key Attestation gives you more confidence that the keys you use in your app are stored in a device's hardware-backed keystore. The following sections describe how to verify the properties of hardware-backed keys and how to interpret the attestation certificate's extension data.

Key attestation refers to verifying the integrity and authenticity of cryptographic keys stored within an HSM or other hardware device. It involves generating a cryptographic certificate that attests to the validity of the keys and ensures they have not been tampered with or compromised.

This attestation provides assurance that the properties of the device (for example, the serial number) are legitimate (as attested to by the device's Secure Enclave and verified by Apple's servers) and not spoofed.

Key attestation aims to provide a way to strongly determine if an asymmetric key pair is hardware-backed, what the properties of the key are, and what constraints are applied to its usage. ID attestation allows the device to provide proof of its hardware identifiers, such as serial number or IMEI.

STIR/SHAKEN digitally validates the handoff of phone calls passing through the complex web of networks, allowing the phone company of the consumer receiving the call to verify that a call is in fact from the number displayed on Caller ID.