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Settlement is the downward movement of the ground (soil) when a load is applied to it. The load increases the vertical effective stress exerted onto the soil. This stress, in turn, increases the vertical strain in the soil. This increase in vertical strain causes the ground to move downward.

The three components of geotechnical settlement Immediate settlement (also known as elastic settlement) Consolidation settlement (or primary settlement) Creep settlement (or secondary settlement).

The industry standard is 1 inch of differential settlement in 20 feet. Anything greater than this can be considered too much.

Methods of prevention and remediation of the consequences of differential settlements Foundation remediation by concrete underpinning. Foundation remediation with jet grouting. Foundation remediation with micro piles. Foundation remediation by using expanding geopolymers.

The differential settlement of the stratum causes the surface inclination to have a great impact on the building with a small bottom area and a large height, causing the center of gravity to deviate and leading to changes in structure stress to bring damage.

AUC Rule 021: Settlement System Code Rules has been adopted by the AUC to set the comprehensive standards for the market participants. Each year the AUC works closely with stakeholders in resolving outstanding settlement issues identified.

Acceptable limits Similarly, American Society of Civil Engineers recommends that total settlement should not exceed 50 mm for residential buildings and 75 mm for industrial buildings, while differential settlement should not exceed 19 mm for residential buildings and 25 mm for industrial buildings.

Resolving Differential Settlement The settled foundation has to be underpinned and the ground treated properly. Underpinning helps transmit the load that's causing the foundation to sink to the load-bearing strata. Piers can also be driven down the foundation and left to rest at the hard rock level.