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All ellipses should contain three or four periods. See Bluebook Rule 5.3(a)?(b). In determining whether the ellipsis should contain three or four periods, ask whether the omitted words contain a period.

Numerals and Symbols (Rule 6.2). Spell out the numbers zero to ninety-nine in text and footnotes. Only use numerals for 100 and higher.

Rule of five If you have not cited the source within the past five footnotes (in full or short form, including id.), then cite the source in its long form. Rule 10.9. Note: you can have an unlimited string of id.'s. Sources in quoting and citing parentheticals are not included in the five-footnote count.

Omission of a word or words is generally indicated by the insertion of an ellipsis, three periods separated by spaces and set off by a space before the first and after the last period (? . . . ?), to take the place of the word or words omitted.

How do I cite the same source many times? Use a shortened form of the citation. Let's say you wrote a footnote (or endnote) for this book after you quoted from page 32: ... Cite the page number in the text. ... Use an abbreviation. ... Use ibid.

Rule of five If you have not cited the source within the past five footnotes (in full or short form, including id.), then cite the source in its long form.

Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page in which the sentence being cited appears. A number appears at the end of the sentence that corresponds with the citation at the bottom of the page.

An ellipsis ( ... ) consists of three evenly spaced periods and is used to indicate the omission of words or suggest an incomplete thought. In general, an ellipsis should be treated as a three-letter word, with a space, three periods and a space.

To cite a court case or decision, list the name of the case, the volume and abbreviated name of the reporter, the page number, the name of the court, the year, and optionally the URL. The case name is italicized in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list.

The components of a typical case citation including a neutral citation are: case name year court number, year OR (year) volume report abbreviation first page. Neutral citations can be found by checking the case on one of the big commercial databases, or on BAILII.