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Collations in SQL Server provide sorting rules, case, and accent sensitivity properties for your data. Collations that are used with character data types, such as char and varchar, dictate the code page and corresponding characters that can be represented for that data type.

A collation is a set of rules that defines how to compare and sort character strings.

If we apply a case sensitive clause to a column, then for example, 'a' and 'A', will be different. But in the case of case insensitive, irrespective of any character or string, it will work. By default, the collate clause will take SQLLatin1GeneralCP1CIAS (case insensitive).

Collation is a set of rules that tell database engine how to compare and sort the character data in SQL Server. Collation can be set at different levels in SQL Server.

Database character set for Microsoft SQL Server is referred to as code page or collation. When creating a database, the collation type for the database can be specified.

COLLATE is a clause applied to character string expression or column for textual data types such as char, varchar, text, nchar, nvarchar, and ntext to cast the string or column collation into a specified collation.

The collate clause is used for case sensitive and case insensitive searches in the columns of the SQL server. There are two types of collate clause present: SQLLatin1GeneralCP1CSAS for case sensitive. SQLLatin1GeneralCP1CIAS for case insensitive.

A collation allows character data for a given language to be sorted using rules that define the correct character sequence, with options for specifying case-sensitivity, accent marks, kana character types, use of symbols or punctuation, character width, and word sorting.

UTF-8 encodes the common ASCII characters including English and numbers using 8-bits. ASCII characters (0-127) use 1 byte, code points 128 to 2047 use 2 bytes, and code points 2048 to 65535 use 3 bytes. The code points 65536 to 1114111 use 4 bytes, and represent the character range for Supplementary Characters.

You can get the server collation in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) by right-clicking the SQL instance, then clicking the Properties option and checking the General tab. This collation is selected by default at the installation of SQL Server.