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Number theory is the study of the integers (e.g. whole numbers) and related objects. Topics studied by number theorists include the problem of determining the distribution of prime numbers within the integers and the structure and number of solutions of systems of polynomial equations with integer coefficients.

The origin of Number Theory as a branch dates all the way back to the B. Cs, specifically to the lifetime of one Euclid. An extraordinary mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, also known as the “Father of Geometry,” put forth one of the oldest “algorithms” (here meaning a set of step-by-step operations) recorded.

Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small numbers. A number is written in scientific notation when a number between 1 and 10 is multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 650,000,000 can be written in scientific notation as 6.5 ✕ 10^8. Created by Sal Khan and CK-12 Foundation.

number theory, branch of mathematics concerned with properties of the positive integers (1, 2, 3, …). Sometimes called “higher arithmetic,” it is among the oldest and most natural of mathematical pursuits. Number theory has always fascinated amateurs as well as professional mathematicians.

A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making calculations. A written symbol like “3” which represents a number is known as numerals. A number system is a writing system for denoting numbers using digits or symbols in a logical manner.

Algebraic expressions are the idea of expressing numbers using letters or alphabets without specifying their actual values. The basics of algebra taught us how to express an unknown value using letters such as x, y, z, etc. These letters are called here as variables.

An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers is a classic textbook in the field of number theory, by G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright. The book grew out of a series of lectures by Hardy and Wright and was first published in 1938.