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Explanation: The various units of measurement of earthwork are: Surface Excavation: Excavation exceeding 1.50 m in width as well as 10 m2 in the plan but not exceeding 30 cm in depth shall be described as 'Surface Excavation' and measured in square meters.

The determination of earthwork quantities is based upon field cross- sections taken in a specified manner before and after excavation. Cross- sections are vertical profiles taken at right angles to the survey centerline. Every section is an area formed by the subgrade, the sideslopes, and the original ground surface.

15- Scaffolding: It is measured in SQM or m2 (if Height more than Cum) .

The measurement of earthwork shall be in cubic meters, unless otherwise mentioned. The measurement to be taken shall be those of the authorised dimension from which soil has been taken out and shall be measured without allowance for increase in bulk.

SMM7 provides detailed information, classification tables and rules for measuring building works. It is typically used in the preparation of bills of quantities, documents that provide measured quantities of the items of work identified by the drawings and specifications in tender documentation.

The Section Method The section method is the most complex and precise way to calculate an earthwork estimate. We use this technique when working on large-scale projects, such as dams, railway systems and roads.

Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations, reservoirs, and roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging, dredging, and site development. Each of these processes requires unique techniques, tools, and machinery to get the job done right.