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Settlement risk is minimized by the solvency, technical skills, and economic incentives of brokers. Settlement risk can be reduced by dealing with honest, competent, and financially sound counterparties. Unsurprisingly, settlement risk is usually nearly nonexistent in securities markets.

As an example of cross-currency settlement risk, consider a U.S. bank that purchases 10 million euros in the spot market at the exchange rate of EUR 1 = USD 1.12. This means that at settlement, the U.S. bank will remit US$11.2 million and, in exchange, will receive 10 million euros from the counterparty to this trade.

These risks can be mitigated through the use of a hedged exchange-traded fund or by the individual investor using various investment instruments, such as currency forwards or futures, or options.

Answer and Explanation: Raising interest rates. By increasing interest rates in the short-term, central bank improves the appeal of domestic assets. ... Intervening in the foreign exchange market. ... Improving industrial growth.

A company can avoid forex exposure by only operating in its domestic market and transacting in local currency. Otherwise, it must attempt to match foreign currency receipts with outflows (a natural hedge), build protection into commercial contracts, or take out a financial instrument such as a forward contract.

Companies can attempt to minimize translation risk by purchasing currency swaps or hedging through futures contracts. In addition, a company can request that clients pay for goods and services in the currency of the company's country of domicile.

For example, an investor wants to purchase 1,000 euros with Japanese yen. The exchange rate between these two currencies is 1 EUR to 130 JPY. Here, euros would be the transaction currency, and the Japanese yen would be the settlement currency.