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δc is the settlement due to consolidation.

Coefficient of consolidation. The Coefficient of consolidation at each pressures increment is calculated by using the following equations : Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method) Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)

The primary consolidation settlement can be calculated from the coefficient of volume compressibility mv, which can further lead to the Young's modulus E′ = (1 + v′)(1 − 2v′)/[mv(1 − v′)], with an assumed Poisson's ratio v′.

The settlement-generating base stress σ1 = σ0 - γ • h must be used, taking into consideration the stress reduction by the excavation unloading for the embedment depth of the foundations. the stress-dependent constrained moduli of the soil layers.

Consolidation settlement is time dependent natural process of fully saturated soil due to expulsion of water from the voids and compaction is instantaneous artificial process of partially saturated soil due to expulsion of air from voids.

Settlement analysis is a crucial step in shallow foundation design, as it determines how much the foundation will deform under the applied loads and soil conditions. Excessive settlement can cause structural damage, serviceability problems, and aesthetic issues.

The consolidation parameters (λ, κ) are the gradients of the normal consolidation line (λ) and swelling line (κ), respectively, which can be obtained from the compression index (Cc) and swelling index (Cs), respectively, from conventional 1D consolidation tests λ = C c 2.303 , κ = C s 2.303 .

Statement (I): Rate of settlement of a consolidating layer depends upon its coefficient of consolidation, which is directly proportional to the permeability and number of drainage paths available.

δc is the settlement due to consolidation.

Coefficient of consolidation. The Coefficient of consolidation at each pressures increment is calculated by using the following equations : Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method) Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)

The primary consolidation settlement can be calculated from the coefficient of volume compressibility mv, which can further lead to the Young's modulus E′ = (1 + v′)(1 − 2v′)/[mv(1 − v′)], with an assumed Poisson's ratio v′.

The settlement-generating base stress σ1 = σ0 - γ • h must be used, taking into consideration the stress reduction by the excavation unloading for the embedment depth of the foundations. the stress-dependent constrained moduli of the soil layers.

Consolidation settlement is time dependent natural process of fully saturated soil due to expulsion of water from the voids and compaction is instantaneous artificial process of partially saturated soil due to expulsion of air from voids.

Settlement analysis is a crucial step in shallow foundation design, as it determines how much the foundation will deform under the applied loads and soil conditions. Excessive settlement can cause structural damage, serviceability problems, and aesthetic issues.

The consolidation parameters (λ, κ) are the gradients of the normal consolidation line (λ) and swelling line (κ), respectively, which can be obtained from the compression index (Cc) and swelling index (Cs), respectively, from conventional 1D consolidation tests λ = C c 2.303 , κ = C s 2.303 .

Statement (I): Rate of settlement of a consolidating layer depends upon its coefficient of consolidation, which is directly proportional to the permeability and number of drainage paths available.