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Causes of ADEM ADEM is an autoimmune disease in which the body mistakenly attacks its own brain tissue and sometimes the spinal cord and/or optic nerves as well. ADEM usually occurs following an infection, with symptoms appearing 7 to 14 days after a cough, sore throat, or gastroenteritis.

ADEM is an "autoimmune" condition that often occurs after a child has an infection, such as a cold. The immune system protects the body from invaders, like bacteria and viruses. Autoimmune diseases confuse the body's immune system. Instead of fighting against bacteria or viruses, it attacks healthy cells and tissues.

ADEM often appears following a viral or bacterial infection and sometimes (rarely) following a vaccination. It is sometimes misdiagnosed as the first severe attack of multiple sclerosis, since the symptoms and appearance of damage to the white matter may be similar.

Novi et al.,[14] Parsons et al.,[15] Zoghi et al.,[16] Zanin et al.,[17] and Zhang et al. [18] reported cases of ADEM following COVID-19 while Abdi et al. [19] reported the ADEM case without prominent clinical pulmonary symptoms.

ADEM is thought to affect 1 in every 125,000 to 250,000 individuals in a given year. Five percent of these cases could be associated with vaccination. ADEM appears a little more frequently in boys than girls (about 60 percent of the time) with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1.

The prognosis for most individuals with ADEM is good. The recovery process may take place over four to six weeks, but the majority of those with ADEM make a fairly significant recovery. Between 60 to 90 percent are left with no neurological deficits.

ADEM typically develops 1–2 weeks after vaccination or infection; however, there have been cases of ADEM developing after several months. Diagnostic criteria have mentioned ADEM can develop over 3 months with any acute or fluctuating symptoms as part of the same event [11].

Numerous cases of ADEM, including the severe form of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), following infection with this virus, have been reported [9]. Furthermore, cases of ADEM have also been described following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination [10].

Although the long-term prognosis for children with ADEM varies, most children make a complete or nearly complete recovery, including those children with initially severe symptoms. For most children, recovery begins within days and continues for up to one year.

The prognosis for most individuals with ADEM is good. The recovery process may take place over four to six weeks, but the majority of those with ADEM make a fairly significant recovery. Between 60 to 90 percent are left with no neurological deficits.

The most common neurological symptoms of ADEM include arm/leg weakness, seizures, numbness or tingling, changes in mental status and vision loss; however, the specific symptoms and severity can vary between individuals. Onset can be at any age, but children are more likely to be affected than adults.

Causes of ADEM ADEM is an autoimmune disease in which the body mistakenly attacks its own brain tissue and sometimes the spinal cord and/or optic nerves as well. ADEM usually occurs following an infection, with symptoms appearing 7 to 14 days after a cough, sore throat, or gastroenteritis.

ADEM is an "autoimmune" condition that often occurs after a child has an infection, such as a cold. The immune system protects the body from invaders, like bacteria and viruses. Autoimmune diseases confuse the body's immune system. Instead of fighting against bacteria or viruses, it attacks healthy cells and tissues.

ADEM often appears following a viral or bacterial infection and sometimes (rarely) following a vaccination. It is sometimes misdiagnosed as the first severe attack of multiple sclerosis, since the symptoms and appearance of damage to the white matter may be similar.

Novi et al.,[14] Parsons et al.,[15] Zoghi et al.,[16] Zanin et al.,[17] and Zhang et al. [18] reported cases of ADEM following COVID-19 while Abdi et al. [19] reported the ADEM case without prominent clinical pulmonary symptoms.

ADEM is thought to affect 1 in every 125,000 to 250,000 individuals in a given year. Five percent of these cases could be associated with vaccination. ADEM appears a little more frequently in boys than girls (about 60 percent of the time) with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1.

The prognosis for most individuals with ADEM is good. The recovery process may take place over four to six weeks, but the majority of those with ADEM make a fairly significant recovery. Between 60 to 90 percent are left with no neurological deficits.

ADEM typically develops 1–2 weeks after vaccination or infection; however, there have been cases of ADEM developing after several months. Diagnostic criteria have mentioned ADEM can develop over 3 months with any acute or fluctuating symptoms as part of the same event [11].

Numerous cases of ADEM, including the severe form of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), following infection with this virus, have been reported [9]. Furthermore, cases of ADEM have also been described following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination [10].

Although the long-term prognosis for children with ADEM varies, most children make a complete or nearly complete recovery, including those children with initially severe symptoms. For most children, recovery begins within days and continues for up to one year.

The prognosis for most individuals with ADEM is good. The recovery process may take place over four to six weeks, but the majority of those with ADEM make a fairly significant recovery. Between 60 to 90 percent are left with no neurological deficits.

The most common neurological symptoms of ADEM include arm/leg weakness, seizures, numbness or tingling, changes in mental status and vision loss; however, the specific symptoms and severity can vary between individuals. Onset can be at any age, but children are more likely to be affected than adults.