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Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions. (a) Signature. Every pleading, written motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's name – or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented.

Rule 11 refers to a provision in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that requires attorneys and parties to certify that their pleadings, motions, and other papers are not being presented for any improper purpose, are warranted by existing law, and have evidentiary support.

The provisions of Rule 36 make it clear that admissions function very much as pleadings do. Thus, when a party admits in part and denies in part, his admission is for purposes of the pending action only and may not be used against him in any other proceeding.

Cheeseman refuses to respond, using Rule 11 as a scapegoat. Rule 11, when invoked, allows a case to be dropped based on a lack of real evidence with which to file the complaint in the first place. The rule is meant to stop “sham” and “frivolous” lawsuits from making it into courtrooms.

Sanctions under Rule 11 exist to punish the abuse of court process and to reimburse litigants for the costs of unfounded or abusive filings. Rule 11 is not the only authority for the court's control over improper presentation of claims, defenses, or allegations.

FRCP 29(b) authorizes the parties to modify “other procedures governing or limiting discovery.” These may include stipulations such as those to extend the 30-day period for responding to written discovery requests. The parties may stipulate to modify the rules controlling the service or responses to interrogatories.

Under Rule 12(f), a part of a pleading can be removed if it is redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous. The motion can be made by a party within an allotted time frame, or can be raised by the court, called sua sponte.

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