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Referring to the same source as in the immediately preceding reference. Ibid may be used after a supra, or even after another ibid. Supra: Latin word meaning ?above.? Use supra when referring to a source for which you have already provided a full citation (but not the immediately preceding citation).

- If supra can be used: - Use author's last name, followed by a comma and the word supra. - If no author is listed, use title of the work. - If the full citation is in a previous footnote, indicate the footnote by number. - Include any references after the supra that vary from the former cite.

Ibid., 2. When ibid. is used in an in-text citation it is not capitalized. For example: "Far from offering absolutes about reality, James's ambiguity points to the modern age, with its shifting notions of 'truth'" (ibid., 2).

Footnotes are listed at the bottom of the page on which a citation is made. A numeral is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote. A footnote lists the author, title and details of publication, in that order.

Rule 4.2(a) governs the use of supra. Supra may be used to refer to a previously fully cited authority, unless id. would be more appropriate or supra cannot be used. In the below examples, supra is appropriate because an authority was fully cited in an earlier footnote, but not the immediately preceding one.

Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear throughout your paper. Each note should have a unique number; don't use the same number again even if you cite the same source repeatedly. Footnote numbers are usually placed at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.

"Ibid." is used when repeat footnote indicators are not used and to replace those elements that are identical in the preceding footnote or the preceding work within the same footnote. It is never used solely to replace the name of an author.